AP Exam Review

4/18/2012

Post your study guides here,

Thanks,

Cripe

Anna, Paige, Emily, and Darlene.

4/18/2012 09:37:52 am

Contagious Diffusion-The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population

Diffusion- The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place
to another over time.

Expansion Diffusion-The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process.

Hierarchical Diffusion-The spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places.

Stimulus Diffusion-The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected.

Relocation Diffusion-The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another.

Cultural Diffusion- the spreading out of culture, culture traits, or a cultural pattern from a central point.

Distribution-The arrangement of something across Earth's surface.

Spatial Distribution-Physical location of geographic phenomena across SPACE

Holly

4/18/2012 09:49:08 am

Mercator Perjection: The Mercator projection has straight meridians and parallels that intersect at right angles. Scale is true at the equator or at two standard parallels equidistant from the equator.

Graduated Circle Map: Uses a point symbol, but the symbols have different sizes in proportion to some qualtity that occurs at that point. The populations of different cities are frequently depicted on graduated circle maps.

p.s. should i add to that? or is that good enough?

Derek P.

4/18/2012 11:06:45 am

Here you go chase.
Demographic Transition Model
Rate of Natural Increase
CBR
CDR
4 stages of countries developement

Mackenzie

4/19/2012 04:40:57 am

GEOGRAPHERS
1. Thomas Malthus: British Economist
-Published "An Essay on the Principles of Population"
-said the world's population was increasing faster than the food supplies needed to sustain it.
-predictions assumed food production is confined spatially.
* assumptions not true
-thought growth of food production was linear.

2. Ernst Ravenstein: British Demographer
-11 Laws of Migration (1895)
-gravity model
*Spatial interaction is directly related to the populations and inversely related to the distance between them
-mathmatical term for the gravity model is the multiplication of the two populations divided by the distance between them.
-push/pull factors

3. Wilbur Zelinsky: Cultural Geographer
-perceptual regions
-indentified 12 major perceptual regions of North America
-Zelinsky's migration transition theory is based upon the Demographic Transition Model

4. Carl Sauer:
-Cultural diffusion
-Agricultural origins and dispersals
*ancient hearths of agriculture and traced the diffusion of agricultural practices from the hearths
-multiple hearth theory

Allysa

4/19/2012 10:25:03 am

Mackinder: proposed the heartland theory in the early twentieth century based on environmental determinism, the heartland theory addresses the balance of power in the world and, in particular, the possibility of world conquest based on natural habitat advantage. It held that the Eurasian continent was the most likely base from which to launch a successful campaign for world conquest.

Zelinksy: Tackled the enormous, complex task of defining and delimiting the perceptual regions of the United States and Southern Canada.

Rostow: in 1960 proposed a widely cited model for economic advancement. Generalizing on the "sweep of modern history," he theorized that all developing economies may pass through five successive stages of growth and advancement.

Sauer: conducted pioneering research on the origins and dispersal of plant and animal domestication, was one of the first t propose that the process of domestication was independently invented at many different times and locations. He believed that domestication did not develop in response to hunger. He maintained that necessity was not the mother of agricultural invention, because starving people must spend every waking hour searching for food and have no time to devote to the centuries of leisurely experimentation required to domesticate plants.

Wallenstein: Came up with the world system and said the world economy began with capitalism. He then divided the world system into the core, periphery, and semi-periphery.

Von Thunon: German scholar-farmer who developed the core-periphery model in the nineteenth century (economic determinism). In his model he proposed an "isolated state" that had no trade connections with the outside world; possessed only one market, located centrally in the state; and had uniform soil, climate, and level terrain throughout. He created this model to study the influence of distance from market and the concurrent transport costs on the type and intensity of agriculture.

Shelby

4/19/2012 10:27:07 am

Geographers

Harris and Ullman - they proposed the multiple nuclei model. Their model recognizes tht the CBD is losing it's dominant position of the single nucleus of the urban area.

Ford - studied Latin America cities and found the Griffin Ford model with Ernst Griffin and he later updated it.

Hartshorn - a famous political geographer described the forces within that unify people as centripetal and the forces that divide them as centrifugal.

Muller - an urban geographer who wrote Contemporary Suburban America that describes suburbanization. He found suburban cities ready to compete with the central city for leading urban economic activites

Jacob, Troy

4/19/2012 07:46:39 pm

Goode's - "orange peel" map projection
Robinson- oval shaped map making polar landmasses less exaggerated
Conic- projection of the earth from one view that is flattened; good projection of the poles
dot distribution- projection that uses dots to represent a quantity or phenomenon. the size of the dots is scaled to what it represents

Nathan (Geographers)

4/19/2012 09:59:10 pm

Walt Whitman Rostow
5 stages of Rostow’s model
• Traditional society
o characterized by subsistence agriculture or hunting & gathering; almost wholly a "primary" sector economy
o limited technology;
o A static or 'rigid' society: lack of class or individual economic mobility, with stability prioritized and change seen negatively
• Pre-conditions to “take-off”
o external demand for raw materials initiates economic change;
o development of more productive, commercial agriculture & cash crops not consumed by producers and/or largely exported
o widespread and enhanced investment in changes to the physical environment to expand production (i.e. irrigation, canals, ports)
o increasing spread of technology & advances in existing technologies
o changing social structure, with previous social equilibrium now in flux
o individual social mobility begins
o development of national identity and shared economic interests
• Take off
o manufacturing begins to rationalize and scale increases in a few leading industries, as goods are made both for export and domestic consumption
o the "secondary" (goods-producing) sector expands and ratio of secondary vs. primary sectors in the economy shifts quickly towards secondary
o textiles & apparel are usually the first "take-off" industry, as happened in Great Britain's classic "Industrial Revolution"
• Drive to maturity
o diversification of the industrial base; multiple industries expand & new ones take root quickly
o manufacturing shifts from investment-driven (capital goods) towards consumer durables & domestic consumption
o rapid development of transportation infrastructure
o large-scale investment in social infrastructure (schools, universities, hospitals, etc.)
• Age of mass consumption
o the industrial base dominates the economy; the primary sector is of greatly diminished weight in economy & society
o widespread and normative consumption of high-value consumer goods (e.g. automobiles)
o consumers typically (if not universally), have disposable income, beyond all basic needs, for additional goods

Boserup
• Boserups theory agricultural methods depend on the size of the population.
• Baserups theory, it is only when rising population density curtails the use of fallowing (and therefore the use of fire) that fields are moved towards annual cultivation.
• Contending with insufficiently fallowed, less fertile plots, covered with grass or bushes rather than forest, mandates expanded efforts at fertilizing, field preparation, weed control, and irrigation.
o These changes often induce agricultural innovation, but increase marginal labor cost to the farmer as well: the higher the rural population density, the more hours the farmer must work for the same amount of produce.
o Therefore, workloads tend to rise while efficiency drops. This process of raising production at the cost of more work at lower efficiency is what Boserup describes as “agricultural intensification”.
Losch
• He determined to the locations of manufacturing plants to maximize profit. He was able to show that distance decay will make sales unprofitable.
Weber
• He came up with the least cost theory that helped owners of manufacturing plant’s desires to minimize costs in three categories
o First and most important would be the costs of transportation
 The site chosen must entail the lowest possible cost of moving raw materials to the factory and finished products to the market
o Second cost is that of labor
 Higher labor costs reduce the margin of profit, so a factory might do better farther from raw materials and markets if cheap labor made up for added transport costs.
o Third cost factor was what he called agglomeration
 When a substantial number of enterprises cluster in the same area, as happens in a large industrial city, they can provide assistance to each other through shared talents, services, and facilities.

Burgess
• Created the concentric zone model
o The model divides the city into five concentric zones, defined by their function
 The center is the CBD
 Zone of transition is characterized by residential deterioration and encroachment by business and light manufacturing.
 Zone 3 is a ring of closely spaced but adequate homes occupied by the blue-collar labor force
 Zone 4 consists of middle-class residences
 Zone 5 is the suburban ring
Hoyt
• He created the sector model to answer to the limitations of the Burgess model. He focused on the residential patters explaining where the wealthy in a city chose to live. Hoyt argued that the cith grows outward from the center, so a low-rent area could extend all the way from the CBD to the city’s outer edge.
Christaller
He laid the ground work for the central place theory
• Set of assumptions
o First, the surface of the ideal region would be flat and have no physical barriers
o Second, soil ferti

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4/19/2013 03:39:36 am

The populations of different cities are frequently depicted on graduated circle maps.

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